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Like steroids, EPO's effects can be striking. Studies on it are less comprehensive, but one (albeit not conducted on elite athletes) suggested improvements in maximum rate of oxygen consumption of 12%, and a 54% increase in the time it took participants to be exhausted by hard exercise. Dr Schumacher reckons improvements of the performances of top-flight athletes on a bike or a running track are more likely to be in the single digits. But if that sounds modest, it should not. A 5% improvement would be enough to knock more than six minutes off a top marathon-runner's time.
EPO和類固醇一樣，效果也很顯著。對它的研究并不全面，但有一項(雖然不是針對精英運動員進行的)研究表明，最大耗氧量提高了12%，參與者因劇烈運動而精疲力竭的時間增加了54%。舒馬赫博士認為，頂級運動員在自行車或跑道上的表現改善更有可能是個位數。聽起來挺謙虛的，不過并不是這樣。5%的進步就足以讓一個頂級馬拉松運動員少跑6分鐘以上。
History offers another lens. The "heroic age" of doping, when testing was poor and abuse often blatant, lasted from the 1970s to the early 2000s. Sprinters competed with eyes yellowed from steroid abuse. Female athletes sported strikingly masculine physiques. Cyclists made seemingly rocket-assisted climbs up steep Alpine passes. Sport is littered with "fossil" records from that era. Of 16 pertinent women's trackand-field events, for example, the world records in eight have stood since the 1980s.
歷史提供了另一個視角。興奮劑的“英雄時代”從20世紀70年代持續到了21世紀初，當時的興奮劑檢測水平很低，運動員濫用興奮劑的行為也常常明目張膽。短跑運動員的眼睛因類固醇濫用而發黃。女運動員表現出驚人的陽剛之氣。騎自行車的運動員好似是坐著火箭爬上了陡峭的高山隘口。體育運動充斥著那個時代的“化石”記錄。例如，在16項相關的女子田徑項目中，有8項的世界紀錄是自上世紀80年代以來保持的。
Eye-popping performance alone does not prove records were set by doped athletes. But it does cast doubt. Florence Griffith Joyner's 100-metre-sprint time of 10.49 seconds was set in 1988. In three decades no other woman has matched it—leading some observers to think it may have been helped by steroids. The current fastest woman in the world, Shelly-Ann FraserPryce, from Jamaica, has managed just 10.63 seconds—and that with assistance from special, high-tech shoes.
單憑令人瞠目的成績并不能證明這些記錄是由服用興奮劑的運動員創造的。但這確實引起了人們的懷疑。弗洛倫斯·格里夫菲斯·喬伊納的100米短跑成績是10.49秒，是在1988年創造的。三十年來，沒有其他女性能與之匹敵，觀察人士認為類固醇可能起到了幫助作用。目前世界上跑得最快的女子是來自牙買加的謝莉-安·弗雷澤·普賴斯，她只跑了10.63秒，而且還要借助特殊的高科技鞋。
A list of the ten fastest climbs up Alpe d'Huez, a mountain often part of the Tour de France, includes only one rider, Miguel Indurain, who has had a clean career. The others have all, at some stage, been convicted of, or admitted to, doping.
阿爾普迪埃是環法自行車賽的一部分，在該路線爬坡最快的十大車手里，只有“米格爾·安杜蘭”這一個車手的職業生涯是清白的。其他車手都曾在某個階段被判過使用興奮劑，或者承認使用興奮劑。
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